Key to 16 Species of Agrocybe and Cyclocybe in North America
1. | Partial veil present, covering the gills in young specimens and later leaving remnants on the cap margin and/or on the stem as a ring or ring zone—or, less often, disappearing entirely by maturity. | 2 |
1. | Partial veil absent in all stages of development. | 9 |
2. | Cap dark brown in all stages of development; gills running down the stem. | |
2. | Cap paler, at least by maturity; gills attached to the stem or pulling away from it, but not running down it. | 3 |
3. | Usually growing in grass; occasionally growing elsewhere. | 4 |
3. | Usually growing in woodchips, on soil in gardens or landscaping, or in woods on soil or on wood; occasionally growing in grass. | 5 |
4. | Stem 2–4 mm thick; cap honey yellow to dull yellow; veil evidence quickly disappearing; cap surface red or pinkish with KOH. | |
4. | Stem 3–15 mm thick; cap white to creamy yellowish; veil often persisting on cap margin and stem; cap surface negative to yellowish with KOH. | |
5. | Growing in clusters on wood; rare in North America, possibly limited to the Southeastern United States and Mexico; cap brown when young, becoming pale from the margin inward with development; spores with only a small (0.5 µm) germ pore. | Cyclocybe cylindracea |
5. | Not usually growing in clusters; variously distributed in North America; cap variously colored; spores with a germ pore 1–2 µm wide. | 6 |
6. | Appearing almost exclusively in urban settings, usually in woodchips or compost areas, in spring. | |
6. | Appearing in woodland settings. | 7 |
7. | Stem 2–4 mm thick; usually growing in marshes and bogs; cheilocystidia mostly clavate. | |
7. | Stem 4–10+ mm thick; growing in various ecosystems, including riverine locations, but not usually in marshes and bogs; cheilocystidia mostly utriform. | 8 |
8. | Distributed from the Rocky Mountains westward. | |
8. | Distributed east of the Rocky Mountains. | |
9. | Growing from the deadwood of hardwoods in woodland settings; spores under 9 µm long. | |
9. | Growing in grass, or on woodchips in urban settings; spores variously sized. | 10 |
10. | Mature stem 5–20 mm thick. | 11 |
10. | Mature stem 2–5 mm thick. | 13 |
11. | Fresh cap dry and velvety; pileocystidia present. | Agrocybe putaminum |
11. | Fresh cap sticky; pileocystidia absent. | 12 |
12. | Fresh cap brown to reddish brown; spores 8–11 µm long. | Agrocybe sororia |
12. | Fresh cap with olive shades; spores 11–13 µm long. | Agrocybe smithii |
13. | Growing on dung; taste bitter. | Agrocybe amara |
13. | Growing in grass; taste not bitter. | 14 |
14. | Most spores longer than 10.5 µm. | 15 |
14. | Most spores shorter than 10.5 µm. | 16 |
15. | Tropical and subtropical; KOH negative on cap; pleurocystidia usually scattered. | |
16. | Odor mealy; spores with a large (1–2 µm) germ pore; pleurocystidia with fingerlike projections. | Agrocybe arvalis |
16. | Odor not distinctive; pleurocystidia without fingerlike projections; spores with small, inconspicuous germ pore. | Agrocybe vervacti |
References
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Calaça, F. J. S., V. G. Cortez & S. Xavier-Santos (2020). Dung fungi from Brazil: Agrocybe pediades (Fr.) Fayod (Basidiomycota) in Cerrado. Scientia Plena 16: 1–6.
Cortez, V. G. & R. M. B. da Silveria (2005). First report of Agrocybe retigera (Speg.) Singer (Bolbitiaceae, Agaricales) from Brazil. Biosciências 13: 227–229.
Flynn, T. & Miller, O. K. Jr. (1990). Biosystematics of Agrocybe molesta and sibling species allied to Agrocybe praecox in North America and Europe. Mycological Research 94: 1103–1110.
González, P. & LaBarere, J. (1998). Sequence and secondary structure of the mitochondrial small-subunit rRNA V4, V6, and V9 domains reveal highly species-specific variations within the genus Agrocybe. Applied and Environmental Microbiology 64: 4149–4160.
Halama, M. (2016). Agrocybe putaminum (Agaricales, Basidiomycota), new for Poland. Polish Botanical Journal 61: 293–299.
Lechner, B. E. (2015). Especies de Agaricales (Basidiomycota) halladas por primera vez en la Argentina: Agrocybe molesta, Coprinopsis romagnesiana y Gymnopus villosipes. Boletín de la Sociedad Argentina de Botánica 50: 303–307.
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Nauta, M. M. (2004). Notulae ad floram agaricinam Neerlandicam--XLIII. Notes on Agrocybe. Persoonia 18: 429–433.
Nauta, M. M. (2005). Agrocybe. In Noordeloos, M. E., Th. W. Kuyper & E. C. Vellinga, eds. Flora Agaricina Neerlandica: Critical monographs on families of agarics and boleti occurring in the Netherlands. Volume 6. Boca Raton: Taylor & Francis. 204–221.
Niveiro, N., M. Uhart & E. Albertó (2020). Revision of the genera Agrocybe and Cyclocybe (Strophariaceae, Agaricales, Basidiomycota) in Argentina. Rodriguésia 71: e02272018.
Ryman, S. (2018). Agrocybe Fayod. In Knudsen, H. & J. Vesterholt, eds. Funga Nordica: Agaricoid, boletoid, clavarioid, cyphelloid and gastroid genera. Copenhagen: Nordsvamp. 928–931.
Singer, R. (1977). Agrocybe. In: Keys for the identification of the species of Agaricales I. Sydowia 30: 194–206.
Uhart, M. & E. Albertó (2007). Morphologic characterization of Agrocybe cylindracea (Basidiomycetes, Agaricales) from America, Europe and Asia. Revista Mexicana de Micología 24: 9–18.
Vizzini, A., C. Angelini & E. Ercole (2014). Le sezioni Velatae e Aporus di Agrocybe sottogenere Aporus: rivalutazione del genere Cyclocybe Velen. ed una nuova specie. Bollettino della Associazione Micologica ed Ecologica Romana 92: 21–38.
Watling, R. (1982). British Fungus Flora, Agarics and Boleti, 3: Bolbitiaceae: Agrocybe, Bolbitius & Conocybe. Edinburgh: Her Majesty's Stationery Office. 139 pp.
Watling, R. & H. E. Bigelow (1983). Observations on the Bolbitiaceae—22. Mycotaxon 17: 377–397.
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Kuo, M. (2021, December). Agrocybe and Cyclocybe. Retrieved from the MushroomExpert.Com Web site: http://www.mushroomexpert.com/agrocybe.html
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